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加纳第31条

录入者:xyq 日期:2016-9-5 16:15:59 人气:10 评论:0

   《经济和有组织犯罪办公室法》第 51 条对非定罪基础上没收腐败所得和工具 (而非“拟使用的”工具)进行了规定。经济和有组织犯罪办公室和金融情报中心拥有冻结和扣押的广泛权力(《经济 和有组织犯罪办公室法》第 23、第 24 和第 74 条以及《反洗钱法》第 47 条);可以扣押拟用于犯罪的货币,而非拟使用的其他工具。 除恐怖主义案件之外,没有负责管理所扣押和没收财产的方案或机构。 没有关于以下方面的立法:扣押和没收改变或转化为其他财产的犯罪所得;没 收与通过合法来源所获得的财产混合的达到评估价值的所得;扣押和没收由犯 罪所得、由此类犯罪所得所转变或转化成的财产或由与此类犯罪所得所混合的 财产带来的收入或其他收益。《经济和有组织犯罪办公室法》关于冻结财产的第 33 条适用于扣押银行记录。 《经济和有组织犯罪办公室法》第 41 和 45 条对举证责任倒置进行了规定。此 类行政没收手段经常使用,原因就在于腐败和洗钱案件的起诉数量很少。 《经济和有组织犯罪办公室法》第 31 和 54 条规定,扣押和没收不应当损害善 意第三方的权利。

        Section 51 of the EOCO Act regulates non-conviction based confiscation of proceeds and instruments of corruption, but not of instruments “destined for use”. The EOCO and FIC have broad powers for freezing and seizure (sec. 23, 24 EOCO Act, sec. 74 EOCO Act, sec. 47 AML Act); currency destined for use in offences can be seized, but not other instrumentalities destined for use. There is no programme or institution responsible for the management of seized and confiscated property apart from terrorism cases. There is no legislation on the seizure and forfeiture of proceeds of crime transformed or converted into other property; for the confiscation up to the assessed value of proceeds intermingled with property acquired from legitimate sources; and for the seizure and confiscation of income or other benefits derived from proceeds of crime, from property into which such proceeds of crime have been transformed or converted or from property with which such proceeds of crime have been intermingled. Section 33 of the EOCO Act on freezing of property is applicable to the seizure of bank records.Sections 41 and 45 of the EOCO Act establish the inversion of the burden of proof. This administrative confiscation is very frequently applied, especially due to the low number of prosecutions in corruption and money-laundering cases. Sections 31 and 54 of the EOCO ACT foresee that seizure and confiscation shall be without prejudice to the rights of bona fide third parties.

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