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瑞典第31条

录入者:xyq 日期:2016-9-6 11:05:18 人气:6 评论:0

   关于冻结、扣押和没收的国内法律框架载于刑法第 36 章(没收)和第 26 章 (临时扣押)及第 27 章(扣押)。这些章节所涵盖的不仅有犯罪所得,而且还 有用于或意图用于实施犯罪的工具。 诉讼程序法第 26 章第 1 节和第 27 章第 1 节规定,对于可以在稍后阶段加以没收 的犯罪所得,可以实施扣押或采取临时措施。根据刑法第 36 章第 1 节,除非明显不合理,否则应当对犯罪任何所得(不论以何种状态或形式)都应宣布加以没收。在此情况下的犯罪所得的概念也涵盖取代(原先)所得的财产以及来自于这类财产的收入或其他收益。 瑞典尚未建立专门处置被冻结、被扣押或被没收财产的资产管理机构。对被冻结或被扣押财产的管理由警察或执法机构负责处理。 出于取证或没收目的而可以扣押/冻结相关文件,即便这类文件由银行保管。如 果被要求就正在进行的调查提供信息,银行还有义务向警察或检察官提供信息 (银行和金融法令第 11 节)。查阅银行记录不需要法院的任何命令,而可由检 察官下令提供这类文件。举证责任倒置并未得到执行。然而,刑法第 36 章第 1b 节规定的没收取证界限 较低。 善意第三方的权利得到刑法第 36 章第 5 节的保护。

       The domestic legal framework on freezing, seizing and confiscation can be found in chapter 36, PC (confiscation) and chapters 26 (provisional attachment) and 27 (seizing), CJP. These chapters cover not only proceeds of crime, but also instrumentalities used, or intended to be used, in the commission of a crime. Chapter 26, section 1 and chapter 27, section 1, CJP stipulate that proceeds of crime which can be confiscated at a later stage can be subject to seizure or provisional measures. According to chapter 36, section 1 of the PC, any proceeds of crime (in whatever shape or form) shall be declared confiscated, unless this is manifestly unreasonable. The concept of proceeds of crime in this context also covers property that has replaced the (original) proceeds, as well as income or other benefits deriving from such property. Sweden has not established an asset management agency to specifically dispose of frozen, seized or confiscated property. The administration of frozen or seized property is handled by the police or by the enforcement agency. It is possible to seize/freeze documents for evidentiary and confiscation purposes even if the documents are kept by a bank. Banks are also obliged to give information to the police or prosecutor if asked to in relation to an on-going investigation (section 11 of the Banking and Financing Act). No court order is needed to access bank documents. Instead, the prosecutor can order that these documents be made available. The reversal of the burden of proof has not been implemented. However, chapter 36, section 1b, PC provides for a lower evidentiary threshold for confiscation. The rights of bona fide third parties are protected under chapter 36, section 5, PC.

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